Guide for High-Density Apple Orchards in Missouri

By Blake Jackson

Missouri farmers can use the guide to estimate the potential costs and returns of establishing a high-density commercial apple orchard.

This production system requires significant investment and careful preparation, as it takes several years to yield enough fruit for consistent annual profits.

Understanding High-Density Systems

High-density apple orchards feature much closer tree spacing compared to traditional systems, often with 3-5 feet between trees and 10-14 feet between rows.

The chosen spacing depends on factors such as rootstock, cultivar, site conditions, and the training system used. Proper spacing also allows for equipment movement between rows.

Benefits of high-density planting include earlier and increased yields, better fruit quality, and greater labor and input efficiency. However, these systems come with higher upfront costs and demand more intensive management.

Although this method is still emerging in Missouri, it’s been widely researched in states like New York, Washington, and Michigan. Since Missouri-specific guidance is limited, growers should connect with regional peers and follow the latest research developments.

Choosing a Site

An ideal orchard site offers full sunlight, good air drainage, and protection from wind and frost. Avoid low-lying areas and hilltops. Use tools like the NRCS Web Soil Survey or MU Extension’s AgSite Assessment to evaluate soil and drainage.

Selecting Rootstocks and Cultivars

Dwarfing rootstocks are essential in high-density systems. Choose scion varieties that meet market demands and perform well locally. Order trees from reputable nurseries at least two years before planting.

Trellising and Pre-Plant Tasks

Install a durable trellis system capable of withstanding wind and heavy crops. Prior to planting, test and amend soil, manage weeds, and prepare the ground through plowing, subsoiling, and possibly drainage work. Also, install irrigation and fencing if needed.

Planting and Maintenance

Plant trees in spring or late fall with north-south row orientation. Tree training begins early using systems like slender or tall spindle, focusing on vertical growth and light penetration. Pruning evolves over time to encourage productivity and control canopy size.

Check out the full guide here.

Photo Credit: gettyimages-richard-7